At the top of Vaclavske Square, King Wenceslas guards the National Museum (Narodni muzeum). Built in 1818, it is the oldest and largest museum in the Czech Republic, and undoubtedly the most well known by visitors to Prague. The museum is more geared towards natural science and history, and its permanent exhibitions include: prehistory of Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia, mineralogical, petrological, palaeontological, and zoological collections (try saying that five times fast), an osteology collection, the cabinet of book culture, and an anthropology exposition. Just don't come on a Tuesday, or the closed sign will put a damper of your sightseeing plans.
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